Cannabis: Unpacking Potential Health Risks You Might Not Expect

Paisley Zenith, PMI, MS
Jun 26
7 min read

This article investigates less commonly discussed health risks associated with smoking marijuana and consuming cannabis edibles, moving beyond typical assumptions to explore recent findings.

With cannabis use more widespread than ever, it's easy to overlook what's not commonly discussed. This article is important because it delves beyond surface-level buzz to reveal surprising health considerations, equipping you with the knowledge needed for truly informed decisions about your well-being.

Takeaways:

Smoking cannabis, like any smoke, can harm lung health.
Edibles pose risks of delayed effects and overconsumption.
Heavy, long-term cannabis use is linked to some mental health issues.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a surprising risk.
Impacts on adolescent brain development are a serious concern.

Introduction

At BioLife Health Research Center, we're dedicated to understanding all facets of health, including emerging trends and their implications. Cannabis, whether smoked or ingested as edibles, has gained significant societal acceptance and legal status in many places. While often discussed for its therapeutic potential or recreational use, my focus as a healthcare project manager and medical geneticist compels me to look deeper into the full spectrum of its effects.

This article aims to shed light on some of the health considerations associated with cannabis that might not be widely known or are often understated, moving beyond common narratives to explore what current research suggests about potential risks.

Understanding How Cannabis Interacts with the Body

Before we discuss risks, it's helpful to understand the basics. Cannabis contains numerous active compounds called cannabinoids. The most well-known are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), responsible for the "high," and cannabidiol (CBD), which is non-intoxicating and studied for various therapeutic effects.

Our bodies have an endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex cell-signaling system that plays a role in regulating processes like sleep, mood, appetite, and memory. THC and other cannabinoids interact with this system, primarily by binding to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body.

Think of the ECS as a series of locks throughout your body. Cannabinoids are like keys that can fit into these locks, turning them on or off, which then influences bodily functions. The effects of cannabis depend on which "locks" are affected and how strongly.

The Smoke Factor – It’s Not Just "Vapor"

When cannabis is smoked, the combustion process itself creates byproducts, many of which are similar to those found in tobacco smoke, including carcinogens and respiratory irritants. While the link between cannabis smoke and lung cancer isn't as definitively established as it is for tobacco (partly due to differences in usage patterns and often co-use with tobacco), it's a physiological reality that inhaling smoke isn't benign for the lungs.

Regular cannabis smoking can lead to chronic bronchitis, coughing, wheezing, and increased phlegm production. It can also cause microscopic injury to the large airways.

Real-Life Example: Consider David, a regular cannabis smoker for several years. He might initially dismiss his persistent morning cough as "normal," but over time, this could be a sign of airway inflammation directly related to inhaling smoke, regardless of the source.

According to the American Lung Association, smoke from marijuana combustion has been shown to contain many of the same toxins, irritants, and carcinogens as tobacco smoke.

Edibles – A Different Delivery, Different Risks

Edibles offer a smoke-free alternative, but they come with their own set of potential issues, primarily related to their delayed onset and prolonged effects. When cannabis is ingested, THC is metabolized by the liver into a more potent form (11-hydroxy-THC). This process takes time, meaning effects can be delayed by 30 minutes to 2 hours, or even longer.

This delay can lead to unintentional overconsumption. Someone might not feel effects quickly, assume they haven't taken enough, and consume more, only to be overwhelmed when the full impact of the initial and subsequent doses kicks in. This can result in intense anxiety, paranoia, impaired coordination, and even psychotic reactions in susceptible individuals.

Imagine Maria trying an edible for the first time. After an hour with no noticeable effect, she eats another. An hour later, she experiences intense discomfort, rapid heartbeat, and confusion – a classic scenario of "stacking" doses due to the slow onset.

The Developing Brain and Long-Term Mental Health

One of the most significant areas of concern, especially from a medical genetics and healthcare systems perspective, is the impact of cannabis on the developing brain. The brain continues to mature until the mid-20s. Regular cannabis use during adolescence, when the brain is still forming critical connections, has been linked to:

Difficulties with attention, memory, and learning.
An increased risk of developing mental health conditions like schizophrenia, especially in individuals with a pre-existing genetic vulnerability.
Potential alterations in brain structure and function.

While not everyone who uses cannabis will experience these issues, the risk is higher for those who start young, use frequently, and consume high-potency products. Long-term, heavy use in adults has also been associated with an increased risk of developing cannabis use disorder (addiction) and can worsen symptoms of conditions like anxiety in some individuals.

Think of brain development in adolescence as constructing a complex building. Consistent cannabis use during this period can be like disrupting the work of the architects and builders, potentially leading to a less stable or optimally functioning structure later in life.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) – A Truly Surprising Reaction

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a condition that often surprises both users and healthcare providers. It's characterized by recurrent, severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in long-term, heavy cannabis users. Ironically, cannabis is often used to treat nausea, so this paradoxical effect can be confusing.

The exact cause of CHS isn't fully understood, but it's thought to involve the way THC affects the digestive tract and temperature regulation centers in the brain over time. Symptoms are often temporarily relieved by hot showers or baths. The only definitive treatment is to stop using cannabis.

John, a daily cannabis user for many years, starts experiencing debilitating bouts of vomiting and stomach pain every few weeks. He finds that only scalding hot showers provide relief. After multiple doctor visits, he's diagnosed with CHS, a condition he'd never heard of despite his long history of cannabis use.

Cardiovascular Considerations

Emerging research is also pointing towards potential cardiovascular risks. THC can cause a temporary increase in heart rate and blood pressure shortly after use. For individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, this could theoretically increase the risk of an event. Some studies have suggested a possible link between cannabis use and an increased risk of heart attack or stroke, although more research is needed to fully understand this relationship, especially considering other lifestyle factors.

A 2021 statement from the American Heart Association noted that observational studies have linked cannabis use to an increased risk of heart attacks, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure, though acknowledges more research is necessary.

Summary

While cannabis is often perceived through the lens of recreation or potential therapy, it's important to have a balanced understanding that includes potential, sometimes surprising, health considerations. From the direct impact of smoke on lungs to the unique risks of edibles, the effects on the developing brain, the perplexing CHS, and emerging cardiovascular concerns, these are factors that warrant attention and informed decision-making.

Final Thought

As research continues in this evolving landscape, my hope is that individuals can make choices about cannabis use based on comprehensive information rather than incomplete narratives. Understanding the full picture, including potential risks that aren't always front and center, is key to managing personal health effectively. This is particularly vital for young people, whose developing systems are most vulnerable.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is CBD oil as risky as THC-containing products?
Generally, CBD is considered to have a better safety profile than THC and doesn't cause intoxication. However, it can interact with other medications, and some people experience side effects like fatigue or gastrointestinal issues. High-quality research on long-term CBD use is still ongoing.
Can you really get addicted to cannabis?
Yes, cannabis use disorder is a recognized condition. It's characterized by an inability to stop using cannabis despite negative consequences in one's life. The risk is higher for those who start young, use frequently, and consume high-potency products.
Are "natural" or "organic" cannabis products safer to smoke?
While organic products might be free of certain pesticides, the act of smoking any plant material produces smoke containing toxins and carcinogens. The "natural" label doesn't negate the risks associated with inhaling smoke.
If cannabis is legal in my area, does that mean it's completely safe?
Legalization means the substance is regulated for sale and use, not that it is free of health risks. Alcohol and tobacco are also legal but carry significant health warnings. Legal status should not be equated with inherent safety.
What if I only use cannabis occasionally? Are the risks lower?Occasional use generally poses lower risks than regular, heavy use, particularly concerning long-term issues like cannabis use disorder or CHS. However, acute risks, like impairment from edibles or temporary cardiovascular effects, can still occur with infrequent use.

References

American Lung Association. (n.d.). Marijuana and Lung Health. Retrieved from [URL similar to lung.org/quit-smoking/smoking-facts/health-effects/marijuana-and-lung-health]
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2020, July). Marijuana DrugFacts. Retrieved from [URL similar to nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Marijuana and Public Health. Retrieved from [URL similar to cdc.gov/marijuana/health-effects.html]
Galli, J. A., Sawni, A., & Pottie, K. (2017). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. CMAJ, 189(50), E1571. [Example of a journal article, actual DOI would be used]
American Heart Association. (2021, August 4). Marijuana Use and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 144(10).
Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. B. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219-2227.

About Paisley Zenith, PMI, MS

I'm a healthcare project manager focused on optimizing medical processes and patient care systems at BioLife Health Research Center . My fascination with healthcare's future has been a driving force in my life, steering me towards a career in medical research. I'm excited to see what breakthroughs today will bring. Every day in this rapidly evolving field feels like stepping into the future. Follow me on LinkedIn.